a.k.a.(又被称为)
also known as的缩写,引出另一种对该物的表述。
例句1:The proposed DUQ is based on sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq, a.k.a. Encoder-Decoder).
In part because you have the convenience to select specific keywords, write specific ads and direct the click-through to a specific web page (a.k.a. landing page).
最好把a.k.a连同它的解释一块放在括号中.
e.g.(用于举例)
exampli gratia(”for example; for instance;such as”: 举例如)的缩写,其目的用若干例子来让前面说法更具体,更易感知。
例句1: Buy some vegetables, e.g., carrots.
使用中,不仅e后的“.”常常被漏掉(如写成eg.)
为了方便记忆,你可把”e.g.” 与 “example given” 联想起来。
最好把e.g.连同它的例子放在括号中,如
例句2:I like quiet activities (e.g., reading)
etc.(“等等”)
et cetera(“and so forth; and the others; and other things; and the rest; and so on”:等等)的缩写。它放在列表的最后,表示前面的例子还没列举完,最后加个词“等等”。
例句3: I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc.
etc.前面要有逗号。
不要在e.g.的列表最后用etc( 在including后的列表后也不宜使用etc),这是因为 e.g. 表示泛泛的举几个例子,并没有囊括所有的实例,其中就已经有“等等”的含义了,如果再加一个 etc. 就多余了,例如这是错的: Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g., organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.)
et al.(“等人”)
这是et alia(”and others; and co-workers”:等它人)的缩写。它几乎都是在列文献作者时使用,即把主要作者列出后,其它作者全放在et al. 里面。
例句4: These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al. (2002).
人的场合用et al,而无生命的场合用etc.(et cetera)。
et后不要加“.”,因为et不是缩写。另外,与etc.不同,et al.的前面不要逗号。
i.e.(“换句话说”)
这是id est(“that is” , “in other words”:也就是)的缩写。目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点(不是像e.g.那样引入实例来形象化),意思是“那就是说,换句话说”。你可把”i.e.” 与 “in essence” 联想起来。
例句5:In 2005, American had the lowest personal saving rate since 1933. In fact it was outright negavetive—i.e., consumers spent more money that they made.
例句6:There are three meals in the day (i.e., breakfast, lunch, and dinner)
使用中,i.e.的第一个”.”也常常被错误地漏掉了。它后面紧跟着一个逗号,再跟一个解释。
如同e.g., i.e.也最好放入括号中,如同例句6那样。
比较下面两个例句。
例句7:I like to eat boardwalk food, i.e., funnel cake and french fries.
例句8:I like to eat boardwalk food, e.g., funnel cake and french fries.
例句7表示只有 funnel cake and french fries这两样boardwalk食物,我喜欢。例句8表示我喜欢boardwalk食物,比如 funnel cake and french fries;其实snow cones and corn dogs等其他类型,我也喜欢。
viz.(”即“ 列项)
这是videlicet( “namely”, “towit”, “precisely”, “that is to say”:即)的缩写,与e.g.不同,viz位于同位列表之前,要把它前面单词所包含的项目全部列出。
例句9:“Each symbol represents one of the four elements, viz. earth, air, fire, and water.”(每个符号代表如下四个元素之一,即: 地球,空气,火焰和水)。
例句10: The noble gases, viz. helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton and radon, show a non-expected behaviour when exposed to this new element.
注意 viz.后面无逗号。